Graph RAG patterns, entity extraction with LLMs, relationship mapping, and Neo4j integration
Graph RAG patterns, entity extraction with LLMs, relationship mapping, and Neo4j integration
Build knowledge graphs for RAG systems using entity extraction, relationship mapping, and graph databases like Neo4j.
from langchain_google_genai import ChatGoogleGenerativeAI
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from typing import List, Optional
import json
class Entity(BaseModel):
"""Entity model."""
name: str = Field(description="Entity name")
type: str = Field(description="Entity type (Person, Organization, Concept, etc.)")
description: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, description="Brief description")
class Relationship(BaseModel):
"""Relationship model."""
source: str = Field(description="Source entity name")
target: str = Field(description="Target entity name")
relationship_type: str = Field(description="Type of relationship")
description: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, description="Relationship description")
class KnowledgeGraph(BaseModel):
"""Knowledge graph structure."""
entities: List[Entity] = Field(description="List of entities")
relationships: List[Relationship] = Field(description="List of relationships")
class EntityExtractor:
"""Extract entities and relationships using LLMs."""
def __init__(self, model: str = "gemini-2.5-flash"):
self.llm = ChatGoogleGenerativeAI(model=model)
def extract_from_text(self, text: str) -> KnowledgeGraph:
"""Extract entities and relationships from text."""
prompt = PromptTemplate(
template="""Extract entities and relationships from the following text.
Text: {text}
Return a JSON object with:
- "entities": [{{"name": "...", "type": "...", "description": "..."}}]
- "relationships": [{{"source": "...", "target": "...", "relationship_type": "...", "description": "..."}}]
Focus on:
- Named entities (people, organizations, locations, concepts)
- Clear relationships between entities
- Important facts and connections
JSON:""",
input_variables=["text"]
)
chain = prompt | self.llm
response = chain.invoke({"text": text})
# Parse JSON
try:
data = json.loads(response.content)
return KnowledgeGraph(**data)
except:
# Fallback: try structured output
return self._extract_structured(text)
def _extract_structured(self, text: str) -> KnowledgeGraph:
"""Extract using structured output."""
from langchain_core.output_parsers import PydanticOutputParser
parser = PydanticOutputParser(pydantic_object=KnowledgeGraph)
prompt = PromptTemplate(
template="""Extract entities and relationships from the text.
Text: {text}
{format_instructions}""",
input_variables=["text"],
partial_variables={"format_instructions": parser.get_format_instructions()}
)
chain = prompt | self.llm | parser
return chain.invoke({"text": text})
# Usage
extractor = EntityExtractor()
text = "Apple Inc. was founded by Steve Jobs. Tim Cook is the current CEO."
kg = extractor.extract_from_text(text)
### Step 2: Building Knowledge Graph
Prioritize the use of the `memory` MCP server for persistent, local graph storage.
```python
# Create entities and relations in the managing-memory-bank
create_entities(entities=[...])
create_relations(relations=[...])
from typing import Dict, List, Set
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Entity:
"""Entity in knowledge graph."""
id: str
name: str
type: str
properties: Dict = None
def __post_init__(self):
if self.properties is None:
self.properties = {}
@dataclass
class Relationship:
"""Relationship in knowledge graph."""
source_id: str
target_id: str
relationship_type: str
properties: Dict = None
def __post_init__(self):
if self.properties is None:
self.properties = {}
class KnowledgeGraphBuilder:
"""Build and manage knowledge graph."""
def __init__(self):
self.entities: Dict[str, Entity] = {}
self.relationships: List[Relationship] = []
self.entity_index: Dict[str, str] = {} # name -> id mapping
def add_entity(self, name: str, entity_type: str, properties: Dict = None) -> str:
"""Add entity to graph."""
# Check if exists
if name in self.entity_index:
entity_id = self.entity_index[name]
# Update properties
if properties:
self.entities[entity_id].properties.update(properties)
return entity_id
# Create new entity
entity_id = f"{entity_type}_{len(self.entities)}"
entity = Entity(
id=entity_id,
name=name,
type=entity_type,
properties=properties or {}
)
self.entities[entity_id] = entity
self.entity_index[name] = entity_id
return entity_id
def add_relationship(self, source_name: str, target_name: str,
relationship_type: str, properties: Dict = None):
"""Add relationship to graph."""
# Get or create entities
source_id = self.entity_index.get(source_name)
if not source_id:
source_id = self.add_entity(source_name, "Unknown")
target_id = self.entity_index.get(target_name)
if not target_id:
target_id = self.add_entity(target_name, "Unknown")
# Create relationship
rel = Relationship(
source_id=source_id,
target_id=target_id,
relationship_type=relationship_type,
properties=properties or {}
)
self.relationships.append(rel)
def merge_kg(self, kg: KnowledgeGraph):
"""Merge extracted knowledge graph into builder."""
# Add entities
for entity in kg.entities:
self.add_entity(
name=entity.name,
entity_type=entity.type,
properties={"description": entity.description} if entity.description else {}
)
# Add relationships
for rel in kg.relationships:
self.add_relationship(
source_name=rel.source,
target_name=rel.target,
relationship_type=rel.relationship_type,
properties={"description": rel.description} if rel.description else {}
)
def get_entity_neighbors(self, entity_name: str) -> List[Entity]:
"""Get entities connected to given entity."""
entity_id = self.entity_index.get(entity_name)
if not entity_id:
return []
neighbor_ids = set()
for rel in self.relationships:
if rel.source_id == entity_id:
neighbor_ids.add(rel.target_id)
elif rel.target_id == entity_id:
neighbor_ids.add(rel.source_id)
return [self.entities[eid] for eid in neighbor_ids if eid in self.entities]
def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
"""Convert to dictionary format."""
return {
"entities": [
{
"id": e.id,
"name": e.name,
"type": e.type,
"properties": e.properties
}
for e in self.entities.values()
],
"relationships": [
{
"source": r.source_id,
"target": r.target_id,
"type": r.relationship_type,
"properties": r.properties
}
for r in self.relationships
]
}
from neo4j import GraphDatabase
from typing import List, Dict
class Neo4jKnowledgeGraph:
"""Knowledge graph stored in Neo4j."""
def __init__(self, uri: str, user: str, password: str):
self.driver = GraphDatabase.driver(uri, auth=(user, password))
def close(self):
"""Close database connection."""
self.driver.close()
def create_entity(self, name: str, entity_type: str, properties: Dict = None):
"""Create entity node."""
with self.driver.session() as session:
props = properties or {}
props["name"] = name
props["type"] = entity_type
query = """
MERGE (e:Entity {name: $name})
SET e.type = $type
SET e += $properties
RETURN e
"""
session.run(query, name=name, type=entity_type, properties=props)
def create_relationship(self, source_name: str, target_name: str,
relationship_type: str, properties: Dict = None):
"""Create relationship between entities."""
with self.driver.session() as session:
props = properties or {}
query = f"""
MATCH (source:Entity {{name: $source_name}})
MATCH (target:Entity {{name: $target_name}})
MERGE (source)-[r:{relationship_type}]->(target)
SET r += $properties
RETURN r
"""
session.run(query,
source_name=source_name,
target_name=target_name,
properties=props)
def query_entities(self, entity_type: str = None, limit: int = 100) -> List[Dict]:
"""Query entities."""
with self.driver.session() as session:
if entity_type:
query = """
MATCH (e:Entity {type: $type})
RETURN e.name as name, e.type as type, properties(e) as properties
LIMIT $limit
"""
result = session.run(query, type=entity_type, limit=limit)
else:
query = """
MATCH (e:Entity)
RETURN e.name as name, e.type as type, properties(e) as properties
LIMIT $limit
"""
result = session.run(query, limit=limit)
return [record.data() for record in result]
def find_path(self, source_name: str, target_name: str, max_depth: int = 3) -> List[List[Dict]]:
"""Find paths between entities."""
with self.driver.session() as session:
query = """
MATCH path = shortestPath(
(source:Entity {name: $source_name})-[*1..{max_depth}]-(target:Entity {name: $target_name})
)
RETURN [node in nodes(path) | node.name] as path
"""
result = session.run(query,
source_name=source_name,
target_name=target_name,
max_depth=max_depth)
return [record["path"] for record in result]
def get_entity_context(self, entity_name: str, depth: int = 2) -> Dict:
"""Get entity with surrounding context."""
with self.driver.session() as session:
query = f"""
MATCH (e:Entity {{name: $name}})
MATCH path = (e)-[*1..{depth}]-(connected)
RETURN e, collect(DISTINCT connected) as connections,
collect(DISTINCT relationships(path)) as relationships
"""
result = session.run(query, name=entity_name)
record = result.single()
if record:
return {
"entity": dict(record["e"]),
"connections": [dict(c) for c in record["connections"]],
"relationships": [dict(r) for rels in record["relationships"] for r in rels]
}
return {}
# Usage
neo4j_kg = Neo4jKnowledgeGraph("bolt://localhost:7687", "neo4j", "password")
neo4j_kg.create_entity("Apple Inc.", "Organization", {"founded": 1976})
neo4j_kg.create_entity("Steve Jobs", "Person")
neo4j_kg.create_relationship("Steve Jobs", "Apple Inc.", "FOUNDED")
from langchain_google_genai import ChatGoogleGenerativeAI
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
from typing import List, Dict
class GraphRAG:
"""RAG system using knowledge graph."""
def __init__(self, neo4j_kg: Neo4jKnowledgeGraph):
self.kg = neo4j_kg
self.llm = ChatGoogleGenerativeAI(model="gemini-2.5-flash")
def extract_query_entities(self, query: str) -> List[str]:
"""Extract entity names from query."""
prompt = PromptTemplate(
template="""Extract entity names from this query. Return only the entity names, comma-separated.
Query: {query}
Entities:""",
input_variables=["query"]
)
chain = prompt | self.llm
response = chain.invoke({"query": query})
entities = [e.strip() for e in response.content.split(",")]
return entities
def retrieve_subgraph(self, entity_names: List[str], depth: int = 2) -> Dict:
"""Retrieve subgraph around entities."""
all_entities = set()
all_relationships = []
for entity_name in entity_names:
context = self.kg.get_entity_context(entity_name, depth=depth)
if context:
all_entities.add(context["entity"]["name"])
for conn in context["connections"]:
all_entities.add(conn["name"])
all_relationships.extend(context["relationships"])
return {
"entities": list(all_entities),
"relationships": all_relationships
}
def answer_with_graph(self, query: str) -> Dict:
"""Answer query using knowledge graph context."""
# Extract entities
entities = self.extract_query_entities(query)
if not entities:
return {"answer": "No entities found in query", "entities": []}
# Retrieve subgraph
subgraph = self.retrieve_subgraph(entities)
# Format context
entities_str = ", ".join(subgraph["entities"])
relationships_str = "\n".join([
f"- {r.get('source', {}).get('name', '')} {r.get('type', '')} {r.get('target', {}).get('name', '')}"
for r in subgraph["relationships"]
])
context = f"""Knowledge Graph Context:
Entities: {entities_str}
Relationships:
{relationships_str}"""
# Generate answer
prompt = PromptTemplate(
template="""Answer the question using the knowledge graph context.
{context}
Question: {query}
Answer:""",
input_variables=["context", "query"]
)
chain = prompt | self.llm
answer = chain.invoke({"context": context, "query": query})
return {
"answer": answer.content if hasattr(answer, "content") else str(answer),
"entities": entities,
"subgraph": subgraph
}
class EntityResolver:
"""Resolve and merge duplicate entities."""
def __init__(self, llm):
self.llm = llm
def find_duplicates(self, entities: List[Entity], threshold: float = 0.8) -> List[List[str]]:
"""Find potential duplicate entities."""
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
# Embed entity names
names = [e.name for e in entities]
embeddings = model.encode(names)
# Find similar pairs
duplicates = []
seen = set()
for i, entity1 in enumerate(entities):
if entity1.name in seen:
continue
group = [entity1.name]
for j, entity2 in enumerate(entities[i+1:], i+1):
similarity = self._cosine_similarity(embeddings[i], embeddings[j])
if similarity >= threshold:
group.append(entity2.name)
seen.add(entity2.name)
if len(group) > 1:
duplicates.append(group)
seen.add(entity1.name)
return duplicates
def _cosine_similarity(self, vec1, vec2):
"""Calculate cosine similarity."""
import numpy as np
return np.dot(vec1, vec2) / (np.linalg.norm(vec1) * np.linalg.norm(vec2))
def merge_entities(self, entity_groups: List[List[str]], kg_builder: KnowledgeGraphBuilder):
"""Merge duplicate entities."""
for group in entity_groups:
if len(group) < 2:
continue
# Use first entity as canonical
canonical = group[0]
duplicates = group[1:]
# Get canonical entity ID
canonical_id = kg_builder.entity_index.get(canonical)
# Merge relationships
for duplicate_name in duplicates:
duplicate_id = kg_builder.entity_index.get(duplicate_name)
if not duplicate_id:
continue
# Update relationships
for rel in kg_builder.relationships:
if rel.source_id == duplicate_id:
rel.source_id = canonical_id
if rel.target_id == duplicate_id:
rel.target_id = canonical_id
# Remove duplicate entity
if duplicate_id in kg_builder.entities:
del kg_builder.entities[duplicate_id]
if duplicate_name in kg_builder.entity_index:
del kg_builder.entity_index[duplicate_name]
class CompleteGraphRAG:
"""Complete graph RAG system."""
def __init__(self, neo4j_uri: str, neo4j_user: str, neo4j_password: str):
self.neo4j_kg = Neo4jKnowledgeGraph(neo4j_uri, neo4j_user, neo4j_password)
self.extractor = EntityExtractor()
self.graph_rag = GraphRAG(self.neo4j_kg)
self.builder = KnowledgeGraphBuilder()
def ingest_documents(self, documents: List[str]):
"""Ingest documents and build knowledge graph."""
for doc_text in documents:
# Extract entities and relationships
kg = self.extractor.extract_from_text(doc_text)
# Merge into builder
self.builder.merge_kg(kg)
# Resolve duplicates
resolver = EntityResolver(self.graph_rag.llm)
duplicates = resolver.find_duplicates(list(self.builder.entities.values()))
resolver.merge_entities(duplicates, self.builder)
# Store in Neo4j
for entity in self.builder.entities.values():
self.neo4j_kg.create_entity(
entity.name,
entity.type,
entity.properties
)
for rel in self.builder.relationships:
source_name = self.builder.entities[rel.source_id].name
target_name = self.builder.entities[rel.target_id].name
self.neo4j_kg.create_relationship(
source_name,
target_name,
rel.relationship_type,
rel.properties
)
def query(self, question: str) -> Dict:
"""Query the graph RAG system."""
return self.graph_rag.answer_with_graph(question)
def close(self):
"""Close connections."""
self.neo4j_kg.close()
| Pattern | Use Case | Pros | Cons | ||-||| | LLM Extraction | Unstructured text | High quality | Slower, costs | | Rule-based | Structured data | Fast, precise | Limited coverage | | Hybrid | Mixed sources | Best of both | More complex | | Graph RAG | Entity queries | Structured answers | Requires graph DB |
| Anti-Pattern | Fix | |--|--| | No entity resolution | Merge duplicates before storage | | Ignoring relationships | Extract and store relationships | | Flat entity storage | Use graph database | | No metadata | Store entity types and properties | | Single extraction pass | Iteratively refine graph | | No canonicalization | Resolve entity variants | | Ignoring graph structure | Use graph queries for retrieval |
applying-rag-patternsretrieving-advancedvision-agentsThis skill should be used when strict adherence to the defined process is required.
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