eBPF 与内核模块专家。处理 eBPF program, kernel module, map, tail call, perf event, 跟踪, 内核探针, 性能分析---
| 特性 | eBPF | 内核模块 | |-----|------|---------| | 安全验证 | 编译时验证 | 需要手动审查 | | 稳定性 | 稳定的 API | API 可能变化 | | 性能 | 即时 JIT | 高但有风险 | | 崩溃风险 | 有限 | 可能崩溃内核 | | 语言支持 | C, Rust | C, Rust |
// 使用 aya 创建 eBPF 程序
use aya::{maps::Map, programs::Xdp, Bpf};
use aya::maps::ArrayMap;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
static PACKET_COUNT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
#[repr(C)]
struct PacketStat {
rx_packets: u64,
tx_packets: u64,
}
#[panic_handler]
fn panic(_info: &std::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
}
// eBPF 共享数据映射
use aya::maps::HashMap;
use aya::util::online_cpus;
// 哈希映射
let mut hash_map = HashMap::try_from(
(prog.fd().as_ref(), "packet_counts")
)?;
for cpu in online_cpus()? {
hash_map.insert(cpu as u32, 0u64, 0)?;
}
// 数组映射
use aya::maps::Array;
let mut array = Array::try_from(
(prog.fd().as_ref(), "config")
)?;
array.insert(0, 64u32, 0)?; // 批量大小
// PERCPU 映射 - 每 CPU 计数器
use aya::maps::PerCpuHashMap;
let mut per_cpu = PerCpuHashMap::try_from(
(prog.fd().as_ref(), "per_cpu_stats")
)?;
for cpu in online_cpus()? {
per_cpu.insert(cpu as u32, &0u64, 0)?;
}
// XDP (Express Data Path) 程序
use aya::programs::XdpContext;
use aya_bpf::helpers::bpf_redirect;
use aya_bpf::macros::xdp;
use aya_bpf::programs::XdpProgram;
#[xdp]
pub fn xdp_packet_counter(ctx: XdpContext) -> u32 {
let _ = ctx;
// 计数
PACKET_COUNT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
// 返回原始接口
bpf_redirect(ctx.ifindex(), 0)
}
// 跟踪点程序
use aya_bpf::macros::tracepoint;
use aya_bpf::programs::TracepointContext;
#[tracepoint(name = "sys_enter_open")]
pub fn trace_sys_enter_open(ctx: TracepointContext) -> u32 {
let _ = ctx;
0
}
// 内核探针
use aya_bpf::macros::{kprobe, kretprobe};
use aya_bpf::programs::KprobeContext;
#[kprobe(name = "tcp_v4_connect", fn_name = "tcp_v4_connect_enter")]
pub fn tcp_v4_connect_enter(_ctx: KprobeContext) -> u32 {
0
}
#[kretprobe(name = "tcp_v4_connect", fn_name = "tcp_v4_connect_exit")]
pub fn tcp_v4_connect_exit(_ctx: KprobeContext) -> u32 {
0
}
// 完整的 eBPF 加载器
use aya::Bpf;
use aya::maps::HashMap;
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
// 加载 eBPF 程序
let mut bpf = Bpf::load("ebpf.o")?;
// 获取程序
let program: &mut Xdp = bpf.program_mut("xdp_packet_counter")
.unwrap()
.try_into()?;
program.load()?;
program.attach("eth0", XdpFlags::default())?;
// 创建映射
let mut blocked_ips: HashMap<_, Ipv4Addr, u8> = HashMap::try_from(
(bpf.map("blocked_ips")?.fd().as_ref(), "blocked_ips")
)?;
blocked_ips.insert(Ipv4Addr::new(1, 2, 3, 4), 1, 0)?;
// 持续监控
loop {
tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
// 读取统计数据
}
}
// 尾调用 - 链式程序调用
// 程序 1
#[xdp(name = "packet_parser")]
pub fn packet_parser(ctx: XdpContext) -> u32 {
let _ = ctx;
// 解析包头,决定下一个程序
aya_bpf::helpers::bpf_tail_call(ctx, &JUMP_TABLE, 0)
}
// 程序 2
#[xdp(name = "packet_filter")]
pub fn packet_filter(ctx: XdpContext) -> u32 {
let _ = ctx;
aya_bpf::programs::XdpAction::Pass.as_u32()
}
// 用户态设置
let mut jump_table: ProgramArray = ProgramArray::try_from(
(bpf.map("jump_table")?.fd().as_ref(), "jump_table")
)?;
jump_table.set(0, bpf.program("packet_filter").unwrap().fd(), 0)?;
| 优化点 | 方法 | |-------|------| | Map 访问 | 批量读取,减少系统调用 | | 尾调用 | 控制链长度,避免过多跳转 | | 数据结构 | 使用数组而非哈希表 | | 锁竞争 | 使用 PerCPU map |
rust-ebpf
│
├─► rust-embedded → no_std, 内核接口
├─► rust-performance → 性能分析
└─► rust-unsafe → 底层内存操作
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